George University Washington D.C

George University Washington D.C
The George Washington University (GW, GWU, or George Washington) is a private, coeducational examination college spotted in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood of Washington, D.C. The college was sanctioned by an Act of Congress on February 9, 1821, as the Columbian College in the District of Columbia. In 1904, it transformed its name to the George Washington University to pay tribute to George Washington, the first President of the United States. It is the biggest establishment of advanced education in the District of Columbia. The college recompenses undergrad and graduate degrees in a few trains through every last bit of its ten separate schools. GWU's Columbian College of Arts and Sciences, School of Business, Elliott School of International Affairs, Milken Institute School of Public Health, School of Engineering and Applied Science, and the School of Nursing offer undergrad and graduate degrees. The college additionally has specific schools inside universities, for example, the School of Media and Public Affairs and the Corcoran School of the Arts and Design. GWU is reliably positioned by The Princeton Review in the top "Most Politically Active" Schools. A significant number of the college's graduates have gone ahead to high positions inside both the United States Government and in outside governments. Prominent graduated class incorporate US Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, previous Secretary of State Colin Powell, previous First-Lady Jacqueline Kennedy, and previous FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover. There are as of now four George Washington University graduated class serving in the United States Senate, nine serving in the United States House of Representatives, and ten serving as United States diplomats. The games groups and present and previous understudies as a rule are called "Colonials". Baptist minister and driving clergyman Luther Rice raised trusts to buy a site for a school to instruct natives from all through the youthful country in Washington, D.C. An expansive building was built on College Hill, which is currently known as Meridian Hill, and on February 9, 1821, President James Monroe affirmed the congressional sanction making the non-denominational Columbian College in the District of Columbia. The primary initiation in 1824 was viewed as an imperative occasion for the youthful city of Washington, D.C. In participation were President Monroe, John C. Calhoun, Henry Clay, Marquis de Lafayette and different dignitaries. Amid the Civil War, most understudies left to join the Confederacy and the school's structures were utilized as a healing center and garisson huts. Walt Whitman was among huge numbers of the volunteers to take a shot at the grounds. Taking after the war, in 1873, Columbian College turned into the Columbian University and moved to a urban downtown area focused on fifteenth and H lanes, NW. George Washington, the college's namesake In 1904, Columbian University transformed its name to the George Washington University in a concurrence with the George Washington Memorial Association to manufacture a grounds assembling out of appreciation for the first U.S. president. Not the college or the affiliation had the capacity raise enough cash for the proposed building close to the National Mall; be that as it may, the establishment held the name. Inevitably the affiliation gave the remaining subsidizes that had been raised to the college for the advancement of Lisner Auditorium. The college moved its main operations to the D.C. neighborhood of Foggy Bottom in 1912. The George Washington University, in the same way as a lot of Washington, D.C., follows a considerable lot of its beginnings once more to the Freemasons. The Bible that the presidents of the college utilization to make a solemn vow on upon introduction is the Bible of Freemason George Washington. Freemasonry images are unmistakably shown all through the grounds including the establishment stones of large portions of the college structures. A significant number of the Colleges of the George Washington University emerge for their age and history. The Law School is the most seasoned graduate school in the District of Columbia. The School of Medicine and Health Sciences is the eleventh most established restorative school in the country. The Columbian College was established in 1821, and is the most seasoned unit of the college. The Elliott School of International Affairs was formalized in 1898. Most of the present framework and budgetary security at GW is because of the residencies of Presidents Cloyd Heck Marvin, Lloyd Hartman Elliott and Stephen Joel Trachtenberg. In the 1930s, the college was a significant community for hypothetical material science. The cosmologist George Gamow delivered discriminating take a shot at the Big Bang hypothesis at GW in the 1930s and 1940s. In a standout amongst the most critical minutes in the twentieth century, Niels Bohr reported that Otto Hahn had effectively part the particle on January 26, 1939, at the Fifth Washington Conference on hypothetical physical science in the Hall of Government. As indicated by grounds old stories, amid the Vietnam War period, Mabel Thurston Hall, an undergrad quarters lodging 1,116 understudies was an arranging ground for Student Anti-War Demonstrations at 1900 F Street NW, the building is 3 squares from the White House. In 1996, the college obtained the Mount Vernon College for Women in the city's Palisades neighborhood that turned into the school's coeducational Mount Vernon Campus. The grounds was initially used in 1997 for ladies just, however got to be co-instructive in a matter of years. The Mount Vernon grounds is presently completely incorporated into the GW group, serving as a supplement to the Foggy Bottom grounds. In December 2006, the college named Johns Hopkins University executive Steven Knapp its next president. He started his administration on August 1, 2007. The George Washington University has three completely incorporated grounds in the D.C. territory. These are the Foggy Bottom Campus, the Mount Vernon Campus, and the Virginia Science and Technology Campus. The Foggy Bottom Campus houses the greater part of scholastic programming. Living arrangement lobbies exist on the Foggy Bottom and Mount Vernon grounds. The George Washington University library framework contains the Gelman Library, the Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library, the Burns Law Library, the Eckles Memorial Library, and the Virginia Science and Technology Library.

University of Copenhagen

University of Copenhagen

The University of Copenhagen is the oldest university and research institution in Denmark. Founded in 1479 as a studium generale, it is the second oldest institution for higher education in Scandinavia after Uppsala University (1477). The university has 23,473 undergraduate students, 17,398 postgraduate students, 2,968 doctoral students and over 9,000 employees. The university has four campuses located in and around Copenhagen, with the headquarters located in central Copenhagen. Most courses are taught in Danish; however, many courses are also offered in English and a few in German. The university has several thousands of foreign students, of whom about half come from Nordic countries.The university is a member of the prestigious International Alliance of Research Universities (IARU), along with University of Cambridge, University of Oxford, The Australian National University, and UC Berkeley, amongst others. It is ranked 45th in the 2014 QS World University Rankings and 13th in Europe. The university has had 8 alumni become Nobel laureates and has produced one Turing Award recipientThe university is governed by a board consisting of 11 members: 6 members recruited outside the university form the majority of the board, 2 members are appointed by the scientific staff, 1 member is appointed by the administrative staff, and 2 members are appointed by the university students. The rector, the prorector and the director of the university is appointed by the university board. The rector in turn appoints directors of the different parts of the central administration and deans of the different faculties. The deans appoint heads of 50 departments. There is no faculty senate and faculty is not involved in the appointment of rector, deans, or department heads. Hence the university has no faculty governance, although there are elected Academic Boards at faculty level who advise the deans.The strategy of UCPH is to attract top talent from around the world. UCPH has established an international graduate talent program (grants for international ph.d.) and at tenure track carrier system. UCPH has: 50+ master’s programmes taught in English, 150+ exchange agreements worldwide, 800 Erasmus agreements, 1,700 incoming exchange students, 2,000 outbound exchange students and 4,000 international degree-seeking students.The University of Copenhagen was founded in 1479 and is the oldest university in Denmark. Between the closing of the Studium Generale in Lund in 1536 and the establishment of the University of Aarhus in the late 1920s, it was the only university in Denmark. The university became a centre of Roman Catholic theological learning, but also had faculties for the study of law, medicine, and philosophy.The university was closed by the Church in 1531 to stop the spread of Protestantism, and re-established in 1537 by King Christian III after the Lutheran Reformation and transformed into an evangelical-Lutheran seminary. Between 1675 and 1788, the university introduced the concept of degree examinations. An examination for theology was added in 1675, followed by law in 1736. By 1788, all faculties required an examination before they would issue a degree.In 1801, under the command of Admiral Horatio Nelson, the British fleet bombarded Copenhagen during the Battle of Copenhagen, destroying most of the university's buildings.[citation needed] By 1836, however, the new main building of the university was inaugurated amid extensive building that continued until the end of the century. The university library, the Zoological Museum, the Geological Museum, the Botanic Garden with greenhouses, and the Technical College were also established during this period.Interior of the old university library at Fiolstræde around 1920.Between 1842 and 1850, the faculties at the university were restructured. Starting in 1842, the University Faculty of Medicine and the Academy of Surgeons merged to form the Faculty of Medical Science, while in 1848 the Faculty of Law was reorganised and became the Faculty of Jurisprudence and Political Science. In 1850, the Faculty of Mathematics and Science was separated from the Faculty of Philosophy.The university cooperates with universities around the world. In January 2006, the University of Copenhagen entered into a partnership of ten top universities, along with the Australian National University, ETH Zürich, National University of Singapore, Peking University, University of California Berkeley, University of Cambridge, University of Oxford, University of Tokyo and Yale University. The partnership is referred to as the International Alliance of Research Universities (IARU).

University of Manitoba

University of Manitoba

The University of Manitoba has three main locations: the Bannatyne Campus, the Fort Garry Campus and the William Norrie Centre.The downtown Bannatyne campus of the university comprises a complex of ten buildings located west of the Health Sciences Centre between McDermot Ave and William Ave in Central Winnipeg. This complex houses the medical and dental instructional units of the university. The Faculty of Dentistry, the Faculty of Medicine, the School of Medical Rehabilitation, and the School of Dental Hygiene are the major health sciences units located on this campus. The Faculty of Pharmacy officially joined the Bannatyne campus with the opening of the 95,000 sq ft Apotex Centre on October 16, 2008. The Brodie Center is known as the "flagship" which connects all three faculties as well as the Neil John MacLean Health Sciences Library and the Joe Doupe Fitness Centre. It is located on 727 McDermot Avenue.The main Fort Garry campus (located on the Red River in south Winnipeg) comprises over 60 teaching and research buildings of the University and sits on 233 hectares of land. In addition, Smartpark is the location of seven buildings leased to research and development organizations involving university-industry partnerships. The address is 66 Chancellors Circle.The William Norrie Centre on Selkirk Avenue is the campus for social work education for inner-city residents.The university operates agricultural research stations near Glenlea and Carman, Manitoba. The Ian N. Morrison Research Farm near Carman is a 406 acres (164 ha) facility located 70 km from Winnipeg, while the Glenlea facility is approximately 1,000 acres (405 ha) and located 20 km (12 mi) from Winnipeg.The University of Manitoba is a non-denominational university, founded by Alexander Morris, that received a charter on February 28, 1877. It officially opened on June 20, 1877 to confer degrees on students graduating from its three founding colleges: St. Boniface College (Roman Catholic/Francophone), St John's College (Anglican) and Manitoba College (Presbyterian). The University of Manitoba granted its first degrees in 1880. The University was the first to be established in western Canada. Alan Beddoe designed the university coats of arms.The university has added a number of colleges to its corporate and associative body. In 1882 the Manitoba Medical College, which had been founded by some physicians and surgeons, became a part of the University. Charles Henry Wheeler (architect) designed the Bacteriological Research Building (1897), part of the Manitoba Medical College. George Creeford Browne (architect) designed the Science Building, 1899-1900.In 1901 the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba changed the University Act so that the university could do its own teaching, and in 1905 a building in downtown Winnipeg became its first teaching facility with a staff of six science professors. The governance was modelled on the provincial University of Toronto Act of 1906 which established a bicameral system of university government consisting of a senate (faculty), responsible for academic policy, and a board of governors (citizens) exercising exclusive control over financial policy and having formal authority in all other matters. The president, appointed by the board, was to provide a link between the two bodies and to perform institutional leadership.In the early part of the 20th century, professional education expanded beyond the traditional fields of theology, law and medicine. Graduate training based on the German-inspired American model of specialized course work and the completion of a research thesis was introduced.The Manitoba Medical Alumni Association erected the Medical Corps Memorial, which is dedicated to the memory of the graduates and students of the University of Manitoba Medical College, who laid down their lives during the North West Rebellion  1 name 1900 South African War 1 name and 1914 - 1918 The Great War 7 names.The first school of architecture in western Canada was founded in 1919 at the University of Manitoba.By 1920, the university was the largest university in the Canadian Prairies and the fifth largest in Canada. It had eight faculties: Arts, Science, Law, Medicine, Engineering, Architecture, Pharmacy, and Agriculture. It awarded the degrees of Bachelor of Arts (BA), Bachelor of Science (BSc), Bachelor of Civil Engineering (BCE), Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (BEE), Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering (BME), Bachelor of Architecture (BArch), Bachelor of Pharmacy (PhmB), Bachelor of Science in Agriculture (BSA), Bachelor of Laws (LLB), Master of Arts (MA), Master of Civil Engineering (MCE), Master of Electrical Engineering (MEE), Doctor of Medicine (MD), and Doctor of Laws (LLD). It had 1,654 male students and 359 female students, and 184 academic staff, including 6 women.The Faculty of Law was an affiliated college, the Manitoba Law School, which was founded jointly by the university and the Law Society of Manitoba in 1914. In 1920 it had 123 students, including 5 women, and 21 academic staff. It became a full part of the university in 1966.The university was originally located on Broadway. In 1929, following the addition of more programs, schools, and faculties, the university moved to its permanent site in Fort Garry, Manitoba. The university maintained the Broadway facilities for many years.The university established an Evening institute in 1936.St. Andrew's College, which originally trained the ministry for the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada, became an affiliated College in 1981. St. Andrew's College was the first Ukrainian-language college opened by the Orthodox Church in North America. It is home to a large Ukrainian cultural and religious library.The policy of university education initiated in the 1960s responded to population pressure. In 1967, two of the colleges that had been part of the University of Manitoba were given university status by the provincial government. United College, which had been formed by the merging of Wesley College and Manitoba College, became the University of Winnipeg, and Brandon College became Brandon University.St. Boniface College and St. John's College, two of the founding colleges of the University, are still part of the University of Manitoba. St. Boniface College is the University's only French language college; it offers instruction in French and facilities for the training of teachers who expect to teach in the French language. St. John's College, which dates back to 1820, offers instruction in Arts and Science and, among other special programs, prepares men and women for the ordained ministry of the Anglican Church.Thirty-three of the buildings on the Fort Garry campus of the University of Manitoba are used for teaching. Four of these are colleges: St. John's College, St. Paul's College, St. Andrew's College, and University College. The remaining buildings contain laboratories, administrative and service offices, residences, or are the property of research agencies.The university has an enrolment of approximately 27,000 students - 24,000 undergraduate and 3,000 graduate. The university offers more than 90 degrees, more than 60 at the undergraduate level. Most academic units offer graduate studies programs leading to master’s or doctoral degrees.In 2007-08, the university acquired more than $150 million in research income. The university holds 48 Canada Research Chairs and is either home to or a partner in 37 research centres, institutes and shared facilities. These centres foster collaborative research and scholarship.The University of Manitoba is the network leader of ISIS Canada (Intelligent Sensing for Innovative Structures), headquartered in the Faculty of Engineering. ISIS Canada is a National Network of Centres of Excellence (NCE) developing better ways to build, repair and monitor civil structures. The university is a member of 13 other NCEs.The Centre for Defence and Security Studies at the University of Manitoba has a research, teaching and outreach program designed to advance knowledge, understanding and debate in Canada on defence and security issues.

Trinity College Dublin

Trinity College Dublin:
Trinity College (Irish: Coláiste na Tríonóide), referred to in full as the College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity of Queen Elizabeth close Dublin, is an examination college and the sole constituent school of the University of Dublin in Ireland. The school was established in 1592 as the "mother" of another university, demonstrated after the university colleges of Oxford and of Cambridge, however, not at all like these, stand out school was ever settled; accordingly, the assignments "Trinity College" and "College of Dublin" are normally synonymous for functional purposes. It is one of the seven antiquated colleges of Britain and Ireland[citation needed][clarification needed], and also Ireland's most established college. Initially settled outside the city dividers of Dublin in the structures of the disintegrated Augustinian Priory of All Hallows, Trinity College was situated up partially to solidify the standard of the Tudor government in Ireland, and it was seen as the college of the Protestant Ascendancy for a lot of its history. In spite of the fact that Catholics and Dissenters had been allowed to enter as ahead of schedule as 1793,certain limitations on their participation of the school stayed until 1873 (residencies, partnerships and grants were held for Protestants), and the Catholic Church in Ireland precluded its disciples, without consent from their cleric, from going to until 1970. Ladies were initially admitted to the school as full parts in 1904. Trinity College is currently encompassed by Dublin and is placed on College Green, inverse the previous Irish Houses of Parliament. The school legitimate possesses 190,000 m2 (47 sections of land), with huge numbers of its structures run around expansive quadrangles (known as 'squares') and two playing fields. Scholastically, it is separated into three personnel containing 25 schools, offering degree and recognition courses at both undergrad and postgraduate levels. Starting 2014, it was positioned by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings as the 138th best college on the planet, by the QS World University Rankings as the 71st best, by the Academic Ranking of World Universities as inside the 151–200 territory, and by every one of the three as the best college in Ireland. The Library of Trinity College is a legitimate store library for Ireland and the United Kingdom, containing more than 4.5 million printed volumes and critical amounts of original copies (counting the Book of Kells)

Northeastern University

Northeastern University
Northeastern University (NU) is a private philanthropic exploration college found in Boston, Massachusetts. The college emphasizes a scope of undergrad and graduate projects prompting degrees through the doctorate in nine universities and schools, and also propelled degrees at graduate grounds in Charlotte, North Carolina, and Seattle, Washington. Northeastern's principle grounds is found in the Fenway, Roxbury, South End, and Back Bay neighborhoods. The college has about 16,000 students and very nearly 8,000 graduate understudies. Northeastern is sorted as a RU/H Research University (high research action) by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. In 2011, Northeastern opened the George J. Kostas Research Institute for Homeland Security. Northeastern gimmicks a helpful training program that incorporates classroom study with expert experience on seven landmasses. In 2012-2013, 7,968 understudies took an interest in the center system. The Northeastern University Huskies contend in the NCAA Division I as individuals from Colonial Athletic Association in 18 varsity games offered by the CAA. The men's and ladies' hockey groups contend in Hockey East, while the men's and ladies' paddling groups contend in the Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges (EARC) and Eastern Association of Women's Rowing Colleges (EAWRC), respectively. In 2013, men's ball won its first CAA standard season title, men's soccer won the CAA title shockingly, and ladies' ice hockey won a record sixteenth Beanpot title. Established in 1898 as the "Nighttime Institute for Younger Men" at the Huntington Avenue YMCA, the first night class of what would develop in four decades into Northeastern University was hung on October 3, 1898. The School of Law was formally settled that year with the help of an Advisory Committee, comprising of Dean James Barr Ames of the Harvard University School of Law, Dean Samuel Bennett of the Boston University School of Law, and Judge James R. Dunbar. In 1903, the first Automobile Engineering School in the nation was created trailed by the School of Commerce and Finance in 1907. Day classes started in 1909. In 1916, a bill was acquainted into the Massachusetts Legislature with fuse the Institute as Northeastern College. After impressive level headed discussion and examination it was passed in March 1916. On March 30, 1917, Frank Palmer Speare was introduced as the new College's first President. After five years the school transformed its name to Northeastern University to better mirror the expanding profundity of its instruction. In March 1923, the University secured general degree allowing force from the Legislature, except for the A.B., the S.B.,[clarification needed] and the medicinal degrees. The College of Liberal Arts was included 1935. After two years the Northeastern University Corporation was built, with a leading body of trustees included 31 University individuals and 8 from the YMCA. In 1948 Northeastern differentiated itself totally from the YMCA. Taking after World War II Northeastern started conceding ladies. In the post bellum instructive blast the University made the College of Education (1953), University College (now called the College of Professional Studies) (1960), and the Colleges of Pharmacy and Nursing (1964) (later consolidated into the Bouvé College of Health Sciences). The College of Criminal Justice (1967) took after, then the College of Computer Science (1982) (since renamed the College of Computer and Information Science). By the early 1980s the one-time night suburbanite school had developed to about 60,000 enrollees. By 1989-1990 University enlistment had diminished to around 40,000 full, low maintenance, and night understudies, and in 1990 the five star with all the more live-on-grounds than worker understudies was graduated. Taking after the retirement of President Kenneth Ryder 1989 the University received a moderate and more insightful way to change. Truly, it had been tolerating somewhere around 7,500 and 10,000 understudies every year taking into account utilizations of around 15,000 to 20,000 with acknowledgement rates somewhere around half and 75% relying upon project. Steady loss rates were tremendous, with a 25% first year recruits dropout rate and graduation rate underneath half, with just 40% of 5,672 undergrad full-time day understudies selected in the Fall of 1984 graduating by 1989. At the point when President John Curry left office in 1996 the college populace had been efficiently diminished to around 25,000. Approaching President Richard Freeland chose to concentrate on enlisting the kind of understudies who were at that point graduating as the school's prime demographic.[citation needed] In the early 1990s, the college skip its first year recruit course requirement size from around 4,500 understudies to 2,800 keeping in mind the end goal to wind up more particular, and started a $485 million development program that included home lobbies, scholarly and research offices, and athletic focuses. Somewhere around 1996 and 2006 normal SAT scores expanded more than 200 focuses, maintenance rates climbed drastically, and applications doubled.[citation needed] Amid the University's move, understudies encountered a rearrangement of the co-agent training framework to better incorporate classroom learning with work environment experience.[citation needed] Full-time degree projects moved from a four-quarter framework to two conventional semesters and two mid year "minimesters", permitting understudies to both dig all the more profoundly into their scholastic courses and experience longer, more substantive center situations. All through the change, President Freeland's oft-rehashed objective was to break the Top 100 of the U.S. News and World Report's rankings. With this fulfilled by 2005 the change from driving school to national examination college was finished. Freeland ventures down on August 15, 2006 and was supplanted by Dr. Joseph Aoun, a previous dignitary at the University of Southern California. Aoun actualized a decentralized administration model, giving college senior members more control over their financial plans, personnel contracting choices, and raising money. As a component of a five-year, $75 million Academic Investment Plan that ran from 2004 and 2009 the University focused on undergrad instruction, center graduate proficient projects, and focuses of examination brilliance. Staff was initially to be reinforced by 100 new tenured and residency track educators, later extended to incorporate 300 extra residency and residency track employees in interdisciplinary fields. Aoun additionally set more accentuation on enhancing group relations by connecting with pioneers of the areas encompassing the university. likewise, Aoun has made more scholastic associations with different establishments in the Boston range, including Tufts, Hebrew College and the School of the Museum of Fine Arts.[citation needed] As a consequence of the University's enhanced graduation rates, extended staff, and fortified educational program, Northeastern's position in the national rankings has kept on progressing. It set 42nd in the 2014-15 U.S. News & World Report's "Best Colleges Guide", a 7 position hop from 2013-2014 and tremendous 27 spot increase just since 2010-2011. As per its college daily paper, Northeastern got a record 49,822 undergrad applications for the 2,800 seat Fall 2014 rookie class–an 18:1 proportion and up 5.2% from 2013. Near to seventy five percent originated from outside of New England, contrasted with 67 percent a year back. Nations spoke to expanded from 143 to 156, mean SAT score climbed 21 focuses to 1421, and mean candidate GPA knock to 4.1 from 4.0. Forbes places Northeastern 35th in "THE TOP 100 COLLEGES RANKED BY SAT SCORES" Northeastern offers undergrad majors in 65 offices. At the graduate level, there are more than 125 projects. Scholastics at Northeastern is grounded in the joining of classroom studies with experiential learning open doors, including agreeable instruction, understudy exploration, administration learning, and worldwide experience. The college's agreeable training system puts around 5,000 understudies yearly with more than 2,500 center head honchos in Boston, over the United States, and around the globe. In 2014, College Prowler gave Northeastern an "A+" rating for the nature of classes, teachers, and general scholastic environment.

University of Cambridge

University of Cambridge
The University of Cambridge (abbreviated as Cantab in post-nominal letters, sometimes referred to as Cambridge University) is a collegiate public research university in Cambridge, England. Founded in 1209, Cambridge is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world and the world's fourth-oldest surviving university. It grew out of an association of scholars who left the University of Oxford after a dispute with townsfolk. The two ancient universities share many common features and are often jointly referred to as "Oxbridge".Cambridge is formed from a variety of institutions which include 31 constituent colleges and over 100 academic departments organised into six schools. The university occupies buildings throughout the town, many of which are of historical importance. The colleges are self-governing institutions founded as integral parts of the university. In the year ended 31 July 2014, the university had a total income of £1.51 billion, of which £371 million was from research grants and contracts. The central university and colleges have a combined endowment of around £5.89 billion, the largest of any university outside the United States. Cambridge is a member of many associations and forms part of the "golden triangle" of leading English universities and Cambridge University Health Partners, an academic health science centre. The university is closely linked with the development of the high-tech business cluster known as "Silicon Fen".Students' learning involves lectures and laboratory sessions organised by departments, and supervisions provided by the colleges. The university operates eight arts, cultural, and scientific museums, including the Fitzwilliam Museum and a botanic garden. Cambridge's libraries hold a total of around 15 million books, 8 million of which are in Cambridge University Library which is a legal deposit library. Cambridge University Press, a department of the university, is the world's oldest publishing house and the second-largest university press in the world. Cambridge is regularly included among the world's best and most reputable universities by most university rankings.Beside academic studies, student life is centred on the colleges and numerous pan-university artistic activities, sports clubs and societies.Cambridge has many notable alumni, including several eminent mathematicians, scientists, economists, writers, philosophers, actors, politicians. Ninety-one Nobel laureates have been affiliated with it as students, faculty, staff or alumni. Throughout its history, the university has featured in literature and artistic works by numerous authors including Geoffrey Chaucer, E. M. Forster and C.
P. Snow.By the late 12th century, the Cambridge region already had a scholarly and ecclesiastical reputation, due to monks from the nearby bishopric church of Ely. However, it was an incident at Oxford which is most likely to have formed the establishment of the university: two Oxford scholars were hanged by the town authorities for the death of a woman, without consulting the ecclesiastical authorities, who would normally take precedence (and pardon the scholars) in such a case, but were at that time in conflict with the King John. The University of Oxford went into suspension in protest, and most scholars moved to cities such as Paris, Reading, and Cambridge. After the University of Oxford reformed several years later, enough scholars remained in Cambridge to form the nucleus of the new university. In order to claim precedence, it is common for Cambridge to trace its founding to the 1231 charter from King Henry III granting it the right to discipline its own members (ius non-trahi extra) and an exemption from some taxes. (Oxford would not receive a similar enhancement until 1248.)A bull in 1233 from Pope Gregory IX gave graduates from Cambridge the right to teach "everywhere in Christendom". After Cambridge was described as a studium generale in a letter by Pope Nicholas IV in 1290, and confirmed as such in a bull by Pope John XXII in 1318, it became common for researchers from other European medieval universities to visit Cambridge to study or to give lecture courses.The colleges at the University of Cambridge were originally an incidental feature of the system. No college is as old as the university itself. The colleges were endowed fellowships of scholars. There were also institutions without endowments, called hostels. The hostels were gradually absorbed by the colleges over the centuries, but they have left some indicators of their time, such as the name of Garret Hostel Lane.Hugh Balsham, Bishop of Ely, founded Peterhouse, Cambridge's first college, in 1284. Many colleges were founded during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, but colleges continued to be established throughout the centuries to modern times, although there was a gap of 204 years between the founding of Sidney Sussex in 1596 and Downing in 1800. The most recently established college is Robinson, built in the late 1970s. However, Homerton College only achieved full university college status in March 2010, making it the newest full college (it was previously an "Approved Society" affiliated with the university).In medieval times, many colleges were founded so that their members would pray for the souls of the founders, and were often associated with chapels or abbeys. A change in the colleges' focus occurred in 1536 with the Dissolution of the Monasteries. King Henry VIII ordered the university to disband its Faculty of Canon Law and to stop teaching "scholastic philosophy". In response, colleges changed their curricula away from canon law, and towards the classics, the Bible, and mathematics.Nearly a century later, the university was at the centre of a Protestant schism. Many nobles, intellectuals and even common folk saw the ways of the Church of England as being too similar to the Catholic Church and that it was used by the crown to usurp the rightful powers of the counties. East Anglia was the centre of what became the Puritan movement and at Cambridge, it was particularly strong at Emmanuel, St Catharine's Hall, Sidney Sussex and Christ's College. They produced many "non-conformist" graduates who greatly influenced, by social position or pulpit, the approximately 20,000 Puritans who left for New England and especially the Massachusetts Bay Colony during the Great Migration decade of the 1630s. Oliver Cromwell, Parliamentary commander during the English Civil War and head of the English Commonwealth attended Sidney Sussex.Examination in mathematics was once compulsory for all undergraduates studying for the Bachelor of Arts degree, the main first degree at Cambridge in both arts and sciences. From the time of Isaac Newton in the later 17th century until the mid-19th century, the university maintained an especially strong emphasis on applied mathematics, particularly mathematical physics. The exam is known as a Tripos. Students awarded first-class honours after completing the mathematics Tripos are termed wranglers, and the top student among them is the Senior Wrangler. The Cambridge Mathematical Tripos is competitive and has helped produce some of the most famous names in British science, including James Clerk Maxwell, Lord Kelvin and Lord Rayleigh. However, some famous students, such as G. H. Hardy, disliked the system, feeling that people were too interested in accumulating marks in exams and not interested in the subject itself.Pure mathematics at Cambridge in the 19th century had great achievements but also missed out on substantial developments in French and German mathematics. Pure mathematical research at Cambridge finally reached the highest international standard in the early 20th century, thanks above all to G. H. Hardy and his collaborator, J. E. Littlewood. In geometry, W. V. D. Hodge brought Cambridge into the international mainstream in the 1930s.Although diversified in its research and teaching interests, Cambridge today maintains its strength in mathematics. Cambridge alumni have won six Fields Medals and one Abel Prize for mathematics, while individuals representing Cambridge have won four Fields Medals. The University also runs a Master of Advanced Study course in mathematics.

Heidelberg University

Heidelberg University
The Ruprecht-Karls-Universität (Heidelberg University, Ruperto Carola) is an open exploration college spotted in Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Established in 1386, it is the most seasoned college in Germany and fifth most established in Central Europe. It was the third college secured in the Holy Roman Empire. Heidelberg has been a coeducational establishment since 1899. Today the college comprises of twelve employees and offers degree programs at undergrad, graduate and postdoctoral levels in by most accounts 100 orders. It is a German Excellence University, and also an establishing individual from the League of European Research Universities and the Coimbra Group. The dialect of guideline is generally German. Rupert I, Elector Palatine made the college when Heidelberg was the capital of the Electoral Palatinate. On the other hand, the college lost a significant number of its protester teachers and was denoted a NSDAP college amid the Nazi period (somewhere around 1933 and 1945). It later experienced a broad denazification after World War II—Heidelberg serving as one of the principle scenes of the left-wing understudy dissents in Germany in the 1970s. Current exploratory psychiatry, psychopharmacology, psychiatric hereditary qualities, ecological material science, and present day humanism were presented as experimental teaches by Heidelberg employees. The college has an accentuation on exploration and has been connected with 56 Nobel Prize laureates. It is reliably positioned among Europe's top general colleges, and is a global instruction venue for doctoral understudies, with pretty nearly 1,000 doctorates effectively finished consistently, and with more than 33% of the doctoral understudies originating from abroad. Universal understudies from in the ballpark of 130 nations represent more than 20 percent of the whole understudy body. The Great Schism of 1378 made it feasible for Heidelberg, a moderately little city and capital of the Electorate of the Palatinate, to pick up its own particular college. The Great Schism was started by the race of two popes after the passing of Pope Gregory XI around the same time. One successor dwelled in Avignon (chose by the French) and the other in Rome (chose by the Italian cardinals). The German mainstream and profound pioneers voiced their backing for the successor in Rome, which had expansive results for the German understudies and instructors in Paris: they lost their stipends and needed to clear out. On 18 October 1386 a unique Pontifical High Mass in the Heiliggeistkirche was the service that built the college. On 19 October 1386 the first address was held, making Heidelberg the most seasoned college in Germany. In November 1386, Marsilius of Inghen was chosen first minister of the college. The minister seal adage was semper apertus—i.e., "the book of learning is constantly open." The college became rapidly and in March 1390, 185 understudies were enlisted at the college. Heidelberg is a city with more or less 140,000 tenants. It is arranged in the Rhine Neckar Triangle, an European metropolitan range with roughly 2.4 million individuals living there, including the neighboring urban areas of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Ludwigshafen, and various littler towns in the border. Heidelberg is known as the support of Romanticism, and its old town and château are among the most frequented visitor destinations in Germany. Its passerby zone is a shopping and night life magnet for the encompassing region and past. Heidelberg is around 40 minutes via prepare far from Frankfurt International Airport.[43] Heidelberg University's offices are, as a rule, divided in two sections. The personnel and foundations of humanities and sociologies are implanted in the Old Town Campus. The sciences staffs and the medicinal school, including three vast college healing facilities, are placed on the New Campus in the Neuenheimer Feld on the edges of Heidelberg.The purported New University is viewed as the middle of the Old Town Campus. It is arranged at the Universitätsplatz (University Square) in the passerby zone, in immediate region to the University Library and to the fundamental organization structures. The New University was formally opened in 1931. Its erection was to a great extent financed by gifts of well off American families, in accordance with a gathering pledges crusade of Jacob Gould Schurman, a former student of Heidelberg University and previous United States Ambassador to Germany. It houses the new gathering lobby, the biggest address corridors, and various littler course rooms, for the most part utilized by personnel of humanities and sociologies. Training in humanities and sociologies happens, all things considered, in structures spread over the old piece of town, however most are under ten minutes stroll from University Square. The personnel keep up their own far reaching libraries and work spaces for understudies. Classes and excercises are normally held in the workforce structures. The New Campus is in the Neuenheimer Feld area. It is presently the biggest piece of the college, and the biggest grounds for characteristic sciences and life science in Germany.[19] Almost all science employees and foundations, the restorative school, University Hospital Heidelberg, and the science limb of the University Library are arranged on the New Campus. The majority of the dorms and the athletic offices of the college can be discovered there too. A few autonomous examination foundations, for example, the German Cancer Research Center and two of the Max-Planck-Institutes have settled there. The New Campus is likewise the seat of a few biomedical twist off organizations. The old piece of town can be arrived at by tram and transport in around 10 minutes. The Neuenheimer Feld grounds has far reaching parking garages for workforce and understudy vehicles for long haul and transient stopping, and also guests and patients of the different college healing centers. The Faculty of Physics and Astronomy is not placed on either grounds, yet on the Philosophers' Walk, divided from the Old Town by the River Neckar, and almost 2 km (1.2 mi) far from the New Campus. It additionally keeps up observatory offices on the Königstuhl Mountain. The Bergheim Campus is placed in the previous Ludolf Krehl facility (named after Ludolf von Krehl) in the inward city suburb of Heidelberg-Bergheim. Since March 2009 it has housed the foundations financial matters, political science, and humanism (together the Heidelberg University Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences) that once dwelled at the Old Town grounds. The Bergheim grounds offers one address theater, a few class rooms, the most advanced of the college libraries, and a bistro (instead of the full cafeteria exhibit in alternate campuses).